Punjab is a state in northwestern India. It is bordered by Pakistan's Punjab province on the west, Jammu and Kashmir on the north(UT), Himachal Pradesh on the northeast and Haryana and Rajasthan on the south. Most of Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with perennial rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system. A belt of undulating hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas.
The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles), which is 1.54% of India's total geographical area, making it the 19th-largest Indian state by area out of 28 Indian states (20th largest, if Union Territories are considered).
The average elevation of Punjab is 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level, with a range from 180 metres (590 ft) in the southwest to more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) around the northeast border. The southwest of the state is semi-arid, eventually merging into the Thar Desert. Of the five Punjab rivers, three—Sutlej, Beas and Ravi—flow through the Indian state. The Sutlej and Ravi define parts of the international border with Pakistan. The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock.
The climate of Punjab is generally hot and dry in summer, with temperatures reaching up to 45°C (113°F). The monsoon season is from July to September, and brings most of the state's rainfall. Winter is mild, with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 25°C (50°F to 77°F).
The main rivers of Punjab are the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum. These rivers are fed by the melting snow from the Himalayas, and they provide irrigation for the agricultural land in Punjab. The rivers also have a significant cultural importance in Punjab, and they are often mentioned in Punjabi poetry and literature.
The main towns and cities of Punjab are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala and Bathinda. Amritsar is the holiest city in Sikhism, and it is home to the Golden Temple. Chandigarh is the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana, and it is a planned city with a modern architecture. Jalandhar is an important commercial and industrial center, and it is known for its textiles and leather products. Ludhiana is the largest city in Punjab, and it is a major center for the agricultural and manufacturing industries. Patiala is a historical city with a number of palaces and forts, and it is known for its equestrian culture. Bathinda is an important religious center, and it is home to the Bathinda Fort.
Punjab is a diverse state with a rich culture and history. It is home to a number of different ethnic groups, including Punjabis, Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Christians. The state is also home to a number of different languages, including Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu and English.
Punjab is a vibrant and dynamic state with a lot to offer visitors. It is a great place to experience Punjabi culture, history and cuisine.
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